Function And Production Of Insulin

Capacity And Production Of Insulin Insulin is a protein created by islet cells in the pancreas. Insulin assists human with bodying control glucose in the body. Insulin diminishes the utilization of fats as vitality (gluconeogenesis) by using glucose to create vitality. Quiet with diabetes expect insulin to monitor the blood glucose levels. (1) The primary fruitful insulin was delivered from bull pancreas (cow-like insulin). Ox-like insulin is like human insulin anyway ox-like compound piece is somewhat extraordinary consequently the body insusceptible framework produces neutralizer to dismiss cow-like insulin. (4) Indistinguishable human insulin was created by recombinant DNA innovation, by embeddings the insulin quality into a vector to deliver human insulin. Creation of human insulin by recombinant innovation was practiced and popularized in 1982 by Genentech and Eli Lilly. (2) Capacity Starches devoured are separated into glucose which at that point dwells in the circulatory systems. This causes the body blood glucose (BBG) level to rise. The pancreas detects the ascent in BBG level in this way, secretes insulin into the circulation systems. The cell will retain the discharged insulin and tie to it. Cells that are connected with insulin can ingest glucose from the circulatory system and transformed it into vitality. This vitality is essential for new cell development and fixing harm cells. The principle capacity of insulin is to move glucose from the circulation system into the body cells and convert glucose into vitality. (3) Picked Host Escherichia coli (E. coli) E. coli was utilized as a host to deliver recombinant insulin since 1982. E. coli was generally utilized as host for the creation of recombinant insulin since it was very much considered, numerous vectors accessible and great trademark. (5) E. coli points of interest and reasonableness for creating insulin. (6) Quick development rate for example ready to arrive at ideal yield inside long stretches of enlistment. Prudent to develop and undemanding development conditions. Great protein creation rate. Can be solidified for capacity and defrosted promptly for utilization. Cell structure E. coli is a pole formed bacterium estimating 1.8 microns long and 0.8 microns in width. E. coli comprise of: (7) Internal and external cell film Cell divider Periplasm Flagella Pili Cytoplasm Chromosome The two primary structures are cytoplasm and periplasm, where the creation of recombinant insulin for the most part happens. (5) Structure Subtleties and capacities Cytoplasm (7) The cytoplasm contains the greater part of the significant segment, for example, chromosomal DNA, RNA, nucleoid and ribosome. Cytoplasm offers help for the inward structure and gives a vehicle of suspension. Metabolic response and protein union happens in the cytoplasm. Periplasm (7) The periplasm is about 10nm thick. Situated between the inward and external film. Periplasm contains 80,000 proteins basic for supplement official, catalyst detoxifying and degradative and electron transport. Development methodology for the creation procedure Insulin is produce through hereditary building. Initially the quality delivering human insulin is detached and replicated. A round shape DNA (plasmid) is expelled from the bacterium cell, and afterward utilizing uncommon proteins to cut open the plasmid ring. The insulin quality is embedded beyond all detectable inhibitions plasmid ring and shut again utilizing exceptional proteins henceforth the human insulin quality is currently joined with the bacterium DNA plasmid. The recombinant plasmid is then embedded into the microorganisms cytoplasm utilizing an exceptionally little needle syringe. (8) High level protein creation frequently prompts arrangement of incorporation bodies which aggregated through protein collapsing. (5) The chain approach technique was utilized to deliver human insulin in recombinant E. coli. Two diverse articulation vectors were developed conveying either insulin An or B-bind quality intertwined to an abbreviated and dormant Éâ £-interferon quality permitting a stable cytoplasmic creation of recombinant insulin in E. coli as consideration bodies. (2) Recovery of naturally dynamic insulin from consideration bodies has a few points of interest for instance incorporation bodies amasses protein in the cytoplasm to an a lot more significant level, consideration body could at first be disconnected in a cleansed and focused state with just centrifugation procedure and last insulin fixation in E. coli can be expanded altogether by high cell thickness culture (HCDC). (5) The HCDC strategy was utilized to develop recombinant E. coli in a two phase cyclic took care of cluster bioreactor. After the articulation framework is created, HCDC is done utilizing manufactured medium with glucose as the sole carbon source to expand the recombinant protein focus. (5) The enlistment of recombinant protein creation was done by a temperature à ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ ¬shift from 30 to 42oC. Articulations of the An and B-chain qualities are controlled utilizing a solid advertiser (bacteriopage lambda) in this manner, protein are produce effectively by temperature move. (2) The initial step of decontamination to get human insulin was to rotator the answer for segregate the incorporation body. The incorporation bodies were then recouped from the rotator proceeded by dissolving the consideration bodies utilizing formic corrosive. At that point use cyanogens bromide to sever the peptide bond by hydrolysing the peptide bond for partition of insulin from the combination protein accomplice. At long last the change to human insulin is performed by proteolytic expulsion of the interfacing C-peptide and disulfide connect. (2) The greatest efficiency is accomplished when the development and creation stage are isolated thus a two phase cyclic took care of bunch bioreactor is utilized. The primary stage is use to develop the cell to an ideal cell thickness followed constantly stage where the development is smothered by compound and creation of protein is augment. (5) The cyclic took care of bunch is utilized to guarantee that poisons and biomass don't amass, broaden the beneficial stage, control the development rate and streamline the item blend. (9) The result delivered from the procedure was monomeric and multimeric types of An and B-chain associated by mistaken disulfide spans. These side-effects are gathered also experience sulfitolysis for reusing purposes. (2) The most effective method to dissect the development procedure Disconnected examination techniques were utilized to break down the development procedure. Tests were taken from the procedure each 30minute to be utilized to decide the optical density600, dry cell weight, broke down oxygen pressure and grouping of glucose. Result from the test are ordered and plotted in charts in this way the development procedure could be dissected. (2) Potential issues and arrangement The serious issue underway of insulin by recombinant E. coli is the fast intracellular debasement of the recombinant protein. Insulin is then delivered as a combination protein with a protein accomplice that would coordinate the recombinant quality item towards the development of incorporation bodies. (2) Proteolytic corruption and over communicating protein can destabilize the protein thus protein are delivered as incorporation bodies which are muddled and costly denaturing and refolding process during the downstream preparing. To conquer this issue, recombinant protein could be focused at the periplasm rather than the cytoplasm henceforth kept away from development of incorporation body. (5) In the process HCDC would cause a few issues for instance the confinement of broke up oxygen because of high cell thickness and off gas amassing which diminishes the development rate and improve arrangement of acetic acid derivation corrosive. The utilization of various advertisers to control the degree of articulation and utilization of oxygen advanced air would limit the issue. (5) During the HCDC procedure, overproduction of recombinant proteins regularly brings about cell filamentation and stale development. The filamentation of cells thus brings down profitability and last cell fixation. The issue could be overwhelmed by stifling the cell filamentation, by co-communicating the E.coli ftsA and ftsZ qualities. (5) Escherichia coli impediments E. coli isn't proper to deliver huge and complex proteins which contain disulfide bonds or protein that require post interpretation alteration. (5) Acidic corrosive is produce by E. coli when glucose is utilized as a carbon source. (5) Emission of protein by E. coli is a perplexing procedure regularly bombs because of inadequate translocation over the layer and lacking limit of the fare machinery.(10)

Printable SAT Practice Tests PDFs 18 FREE Official Tests

Printable SAT Practice Tests PDFs 18 FREE Official Tests SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips In this article, I'll reveal to you where to locate all official, printable SAT practice tests andanswer keys. This exhaustive guide gives you access to more SAT practice tests than some other online guide. Likewise, you'll learn key techniques that will assist you with making large enhancements for SAT practice tests you can print out. Free Printable SAT Tests (Current 1600 Format, 2016-Present) At present, there are 10 accessible practice tests for the overhauled SAT, all of which have been given by the producer of the SAT itself, theCollege Board. These tests are the most perfectly awesome ones to use for your SAT investigations since they're the most like the test. Practice Test 1:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 2:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 3:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 4:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 5:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations |Essay Practice Test 6:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations |Essay Practice Test 7:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations |Essay Practice Test 8:Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations | Essay Practice Test 9: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations Practice Test 10: Questions | Answers | Answer Explanations Remember to fill in your answers with theSAT answersheet. Disillusioned with your scores? Need to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've composed a guide about the main 5 techniques you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point: Free Printable SAT Tests (Old 2400 Format, 2005-2016) These next tests follow the old 2400format of the SAT, with independent Critical Reading, Math, and Writing areas. (On the other hand, on the present SAT, your Reading and Writing scores are consolidated for an all out Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score.) In spite of their to some degree obsolete structure, these tests can be helpful for your studying.Just keep in mindall the significant contrasts between the old and current SAT. I suggest utilizing these tests more as instructional meetings than as all out training for the SAT. Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2013-14:Questions|Answers Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2012-13:Questions|Answers Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2007-08:Questions|Answers Official SAT Printable Practice Test 2004-05:Questions|Answers It may look just as I've avoided a couple of years here, however I really haven't: all the tests for the yearsnot recorded are rehashes of those above, including the 2011-12, 2010-11, 2009-10, 2008-09, 2006-07, and 2005-06 practice tests. So in the event that you discover these tests on different discussions or sites, don't burn through your time taking them since they're precisely the same as the ones previously recorded. We're going route once more into the past for this next arrangement of SAT tests. Free Printable SAT Tests (Very Old 1600 Format, Pre-2005) Before the SAT experienced an update in 2016, the last time it had changed was in 2005, back when it hopped from a 1600-direct scale toward a 2400-point scale. Notwithstanding this gigantic move in scoring, just a couple of significant contrasts could be found between the extremely old 1600 SAT and the old 2400 SAT. Other than those, the majority of the test continued as before. Therefore, these exceptionally old SAT practice tests are a shrouded gold minethat hardly any understudies know about. By stepping through these examinations, at that point, you'll have substantially more of an edge over other test takers. Before I give you the connections, however, note a couple of significant admonitions: You can avoid the analogies inquiries on Reading. These are the issues that resemble Vehicle : ENGINE ::. Since they're no longer on the SAT, there's no reason for examining them. You can skirt the correlation inquiries on Math. This inquiry type presents two boxes and pose to you to choose whether An or B is more prominent. Once more, these aren't on the present SAT, so you don't have to stress over these. There is no Writing segment on these tests.Therefore, ensure you utilize valuable prep materials to consider the sentence structure and question types you'll have to know for the present SAT's Writing and Language segment. Be thankful you don't have to answer a portion of these old-group questions-analogies were the essential explanation that the SAT had gained notoriety for constraining understudies to retain vocab! Official SAT Test 2004-05:Questions|Answers Official SAT Test 2003-04:Questions|Answers Official SAT Test 2002:Questions + Answers Official SAT Test 2001:Questions + Answers 6 Tips for Getting the Most Out Of SAT Practice Tests Each SAT practice test requires around four hours of extreme center, so it's essential to use them viably. The following are six basic strategiesto follow each time you take a training test. #1: Print Out the Test and Take It on Paper Since the SAT is a paper test (instead of a PC test), it's ideal to take the training tests on paper. Likewise, ensure youdo your scratch work straightforwardly on the test.Don't get out discrete bits of scratch paper to use since on the real test you won't get any scratch paper (however will be permitted totake notes legitimately in your test booklet). At long last, in case you're taking the discretionary Essay segment, work on composing your article utilizing the fixed paper included with your training test. #2: Use Strict Timing on Each Section In spite of the fact that time weight can be intimidating,it's critical to follow official SAT time restricts as intently as conceivable onpractice tests. Why? On the off chance that, for instance, you spend only two additional minutes on a segment, this could raise your score by several focuses, since the additional time permitted you to respond to a bigger number of inquiries than you would've had the option to inside the genuine time limit. Subsequently, your training SAT score gets swelled and doesn't give you an exact marker of your real scoring capacity. Here's an outline of the official time limits for each SAT area just as to what extent you ought to spend (generally) per question: SAT Section Time # of Questions Time per Question Perusing 65 minutes 52 75 seconds Composing and Language 35 minutes 44 48 seconds Math No Calculator 25 minutes 20 75 seconds Math Calculator 55 minutes 38 87 seconds Ensure togive yourself breaks, as well! #3: Take the Test in One Sitting The SAT is a long distance race of a test, lasing around four hours on an early Saturday morning. A significant number of my understudies have revealed to me that it was so hard to remain centered the whole time and shield themselves from committing reckless errors toward the end. Getting ready for the SAT resembles preparing for a long distance race: you have to guarantee you have enough endurance to endure the test.And the most ideal approach to do this is to take each training test at a time, as though you were taking the real SAT. On the off chance that it's unreasonably hard for you to discover an opportunity to take a training test at a time, feel free to separate it more than a few days-simply ensure youadhere to as far as possible for each segment. At last, it's smarter to do some SAT practice than none by any stretch of the imagination! #4: Review Your Mistakes (and Your Correct Answers, Too) Practice tests aren't only useful for becoming more acquainted with the SAT configuration and areas they're likewise extraordinary for gaining from your missteps. For each training SAT test you take, invest energy looking into the two inquiries you got off-base and questions you got right. In the event that you don't have a clue why you missed an inquiry, don't simply skip it and proceed onward; doing this implies you won't realize what sort of error you made, raising your danger of making it again and again. This propensity can hamper your score pretty radically. So make a point to move toward your SAT prep in view of this: quality over amount. I'd preferably have you take three practice tests with itemized audit than six practice tests with no survey. #5: Take At Least 4 Practice Tests Before the Actual SAT From my involvement in a great many understudies, this enchantment number works best at getting understudies extremely alright with the SAT in every significant regard, including timing and continuance. In the event that you need to step through multiple exams, feel free to give it a shot simply ensure that you offset your prep with some centered concentrating around your shortcomings so you can gain quicker ground. #6: Use Supplemental Resources If Necessary A few understudies are incredible at learning the intricate details of the SAT through training tests alone-they perceive their mix-ups, comprehend why they made them, and abstain from making them later on. Be that as it may, most understudies need extra assistance to pinpoint their shortcomings and show them the abilities and procedures required for progress on the SAT. In the event that training tests aren't sufficient for you, download our free manual for assist you with making sense of which SAT prep technique works best for you. What's Next? Need to get an ideal SAT score?Take a look atour popular manual for a 1600, composed by a specialist SAT immaculate scorer. Reaching skyward on each SAT area? At that point read our person, top to bottom technique advisers for assist you with coming to an800 on SAT Reading, SAT Math, and SAT Writing. Need to improve your SAT score by 160points?We have the business' driving SAT prep program. Worked by Harvard graduates and SAT full scorers, the program learns your qualities and shortcomings through cutting edge insights, at that point modifies your prep program to you so you get the best prep conceivable. Look at our 5-day free preliminary today:

Topics on Critical Thinking and How to Improve Your Essay Writing Skills

Topics on Critical Thinking and How to Improve Your Essay Writing SkillsIn this article, we will be covering topics on critical thinking and how to improve your essay writing skills. It is a well known fact that the writing of the essay is a significant factor in evaluating the academic skills of students. A good essay will score higher than a bad one in any subject. Therefore, if you have a knack of excellent essay writing, it will be beneficial for you to improve the process of writing an essay.Improving your student's writing skill is not as difficult as you may think. You just need to apply some of the tips from here. These tips include a balanced perspective, depth of information, relevance of research findings, use of logic, the application of information to the given information, persuasive style, and that is only the tip of the iceberg. So, you need to follow those tips to improve your writing.The main points that should be kept in mind while writing an essay are structure, o rganization, and clearness. It is very important that you have a structured outline of the topics to be discussed. Make sure that the topics are covered effectively by listing them in the order of priority. If the topics are listed in the reverse order, it would cause confusion and even a possible argument. It is very easy to be confused when the topics are in the opposite order and this is because all the facts are still the same, however the order of the information can affect the process of comprehending the topic.Always avoid using long sentences, because they make the readers feel like you are trying to force them to read the information, which is not necessary, especially if you want them to make an effective decision making process. Make sure that the paragraphs are both concise and clear enough so that the reader can easily understand what you are trying to say. Your choice of words is also very important and the proper use of grammar is imperative for your readers. If your paragraphs are not grammatically correct, you may be liable to write an essay that is unreadable.If you really want to give more emphasis to a particular essay topic, you can use as many positive words as you want in your writing. However, never use negative words because it would only confuse the readers. When you are writing an essay on a particular topic, make sure that you write about things that you know. Although this might seem funny at first, it is actually very effective and can help your audience to form a better understanding of your points.Another important factor to be kept in mind is that when writing an essay, there is always an emphasis on the facts, however, the facts themselves are never important. The main point should be the purpose of the essay. So, in order to be sure that the essay will actually persuade the reader, you need to focus on presenting the facts in such a way that the readers will get a better understanding of the topic.When writing a topic on an e vent, make sure that you include enough details and witnesses who were involved in the event. If there are few witnesses, the readers may lose the essence of the situation. The readers should also be able to determine the main issue of the event by reading the context of the event. If there is a conflict between the facts and the writer's point of view, the latter should be presented first and then the facts. Other tricks and tips on writing an essay include selecting the right tone, the appropriate use of details, using metaphors, and this will help you gain confidence while writing an essay.Writing an essay can be difficult at times, however, with these tips, it will be easier for you to write a topic on any given topic and win the approval of your audience. Try these tips now and see the difference it makes to your essays.

Impact Of The Industrial Revolution On Australia And America

The industrial revolution was the change of the world. These changes were a development of machines and technology to make life easier by making things. The industrial revolution has changed the lives of many. Not only did it make work easier, more people were employed and services were updated and improved. The industrial revolution population increased. More homes were built, food was much cheaper because there was lots to go around. The industrial revolution has changed Australia and America between 1750 until 1901 in with many ways such as the change of people’s jobs (gender jobs), the benefits of new inventions, the movement of people and the impacts on indigenous Australians and African Americans. The Industrial Revolution has changed Australia and America by the jobs of the genders. Before the Industrial Revolution, men, women and children worked together in cottage industries. During the Industrial Revolution, all members of the family continued to do something and be something. In factories or mills men, women and children all worked. Women and children were just as unrespected to a shops or factory owner as men as the work was difficult, exhausting and, at time, dangerous such as the narrow spaces, bad air, poor light, no safety and no protective equipment used. As the Industrial Revolution continued, working hours were long. Home life was damaged because when families returned to their homes after work, they had little time for communication. Government lawShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of The Industrial Revolution On The White Settlement Of Australia1178 Words   |  5 PagesExplain the contribution of the industrial revolution to the white settlement of Australia The rapid inflation of the industrial revolution in Britain lead to the expansion of British interests to the White settlement of Australia. Workers in the cities didn t get paid much for their services and committed crimes to get resources, jails started to overflow and the USA wouldn t take any more convicts once they declared independence. The British empire needed a steady supply of naval materials suchRead MoreClimate Change Is An Important Issue That Concerns Humanity999 Words   |  4 PagesEarth. The enhanced greenhouse gas effect is one of the many reasons why global warming is occurring. Heat that is being trapped by the Earth’s surface is known as the natural greenhouse effect. However, throughout the last decades since the Industrial Revolution, the natural greenhouse effect has been disrupted due to greenhouse gas trapping too much heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. The enhanced greenhouse gas effect is the extra heating of the Earth’s atmosphere caused by increased levels of greenhouseRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution in Europe1217 Words   |  5 Pageswas rising immensely. Concepts like partnerships and selling shares were introduced during this time period. The process of the Industrial Revolution was rapid in Western Europe however, by the 1900 all of Europe was involved. Over all, the effects of the revolution changed the way materials are transported, how products are made, on a global basis.The Industrial Revolution was a critical turning point in European history because the changes made are integral in the modern age. The inventions madeRead MoreThe Culture Of Wine As A Hunter Gatherer Society938 Words   |  4 Pagesrenewed control over the coffee industry. Then France also became the leading power in the coffee trade after being able to produce a superfluous amount. Finally Brazil grew to be the most dominant coffee producer after the crop was introduced to South America by the Dutch. Tea was one of the main exports of the Silk Road. By trading tea and other goods, China received not only goods but ideas and innovations. These trades increased the empire’s wealth and prosperity. China also forged and solidifiedRead MoreThe Age Of Exploration And Its Effects On Economic And Political Power1611 Words   |  7 Pagesin the production line of human progress. There has been no event in history that did not involve an aspect of economy. The basis of commerce in the Age of Exploration, led to growth of international trade that would eventually lead to the Industrial revolution. This foundation is heavily reliant on European powers enforcing economic trade around merchant capitalism and the existing monarchy monopolism ideologies.Trade within Europe would continue to facilitate economic growth toward the limits ofRead MoreGlobal Geopolitics of Fracking in Australia Essay581 Words   |  3 PagesGeopolitics of Fracking in Australia As Australia’s energy demands rise along with a rising population it is likely that fossil fuel consumption will also rise despite concerns about climate change. 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Discusses why it is now the most widely-learned language in the world.2608 Words   |  11 Pagesgreat invention revolutionised the English language and became the last major factor in the development of Modern English. This ground-breaking device was the printing press, which was created by William Caxton in 1476. It made such a significant impact because, for the first time ever, the English language could be written and produced in mass amounts relatively easily. This meant that news could be spread quicker and with less difficulty, as bulletins, leaflets and books could be produced in largeRead MoreThe Social Sciences Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesThe Hawthorne Studies is one of the most well-known series of experiments of the social sciences in industrial history. The objective of the experiments were to establish how an individual is influenced not only by their own abilities, but by their working environment and the people they work with, both fellow workers and supervisors. To gain a better understanding of what the Hawthorne studies were, why they were conducted, and how they have impacted management practices, one must first understandRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources Of Fossil Fuels1701 Words   |  7 PagesSince the Industrial Revolution in 1760, the world has run on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are critical to global energy infrastructure due to their inherent advantages and generate significant economic value as a result. However, the negative economic and environmental implications of fossil fuels demands a permanent transition towards alternative energy. The world will continue to investigate alternative energy sources and must commit to them to avoid long-term environmental degradation. Ultimately

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Fences, By August Wilson - 1104 Words

African-Americans during the middle of the twentieth century were treated differently than those of the white population. Fences, a play by August Wilson, demonstrates the frustration of white dominance during a time when African-Americans were secluded from society. The Maxson family are the main characters of the play, showing the life they lived in their black tenement in Pittsburg in the 1950s. The setting demonstrates the drama of their struggle, frustration, rebellion, and the predicaments that unfold. Slavery has been eliminated from America for some time prior to the setting of this play, but it still shadows and presses upon the African-American community in Wilson’s play. August Wilson’s play Fences, shows the racial segregation and injustice displayed in America through out much of the middle of the twentieth century. The protagonist of the play, Troy, faced many issues with segregation when it came to the opportunities he had to play baseball. Wilson uses ba seball to represent the discrimination going on as a whole during this time. In the play Troy says, â€Å"I’m talking about if you could play ball then they ought to have let you play. Don’t care what color you were† (1.1.81). This line portrays the frustration Troy had when he was young enough to play baseball but claims he was held back by the racial wall. In Michael Lomax’s, Black Baseball Entrepreneurs, he states that, â€Å"Early black baseball entrepreneurs recognized that in order to conduct businessShow MoreRelatedFences : Fences By August Wilson1541 Words   |  7 PagesName: Alejandro Ahmed Date: 12/6/16 Unit: American Drama Title: Fences Author: August Wilson Year of Publication: 1986 Fences Study Guide Descriptive i. Overview: â€Å"Fences†, was a play written by August Wilson in 1986. The play communicates the story of the son of an unsuccessful sharecropper, Troy Maxson, who has lived most of his life independently due to his father’s abuse during his childhood. The play focuses on Troy’s interactions and conflicts with other characters, and the complicated relationshipsRead MoreFences by August Wilson791 Words   |  3 Pageshave built fences to keep enemies out and keep those they want to protect inside. In society today, people create metaphorical fences in order to fence in their feelings, while others create literal fences in order to keep the unwanted away. In the play Fences, the Maxon family lives in 1950’s America whose love for sports and one another are questioned at times when they need to be together the most. In the play Fences by August Wilson, two main characters Troy and Cory Maxon build a fence, literallyRead MoreAugust Wilson Fences984 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause in order to get what you want you have to fight for it. Two literary works that reflect this quote are Fences, a play about the struggles of African American before and during the Civil Rights Era in the 1950s and 60s, by August Wilson and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† a short story that shows the difference between women and men during that time, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. ‘Fences’ shows the revolution the characters face, their actions and what is the result of those choices. Whereas, ‘TheRead MoreThe Fences By August Wilson1813 Words   |  8 PagesIn the Fences, by August Wilson shows that life of African Americans in the U.S. in the 1950s with the story of Troy and his family. Wilson uses the symbol of the fence to show the desires of each character like Rose’s desire is to keep her family together, Troy’s desire is to keep death out and to be not bound forever, and Bono’s desire is to follow Troy, his best friend, as an example of the right way to live and to be with Rose and Troy who are basically his family. Rose and the other seen charactersRead MoreFences, By August Wilson807 Words   |  4 PagesFences â€Å"Some people build fences to keep people out...and other people build fences to keep people in† (61). In the play, Fences, by August Wilson who displays how fences symbolize different situations to represent different characters. The story takes place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in the 1950’s, and in the play fences gives an outlook of providing an obstacle or barrier that is intended to keep something out or in. It shows through the protagonist character, named Troy Maxson and his wifeRead MoreFences by August Wilson883 Words   |  4 PagesFences, written by August Wilson, is a play about a man, named Troy, struggling to support his family during the late 1950’s. In this play, we see that Troy hurts the people closest to him. He has been uncaring towards his wife, Rose, his brother Gabriel and his son, Cory. This is because Troy had nothing to go on but the harsh example set by his father. In Fences, Troy has felt like he has been fenced in all of hi s life, which causes him to fence others in. Troy has felt fenced in all of his lifeRead MoreFences, By August Wilson895 Words   |  4 PagesFences written by August Wilson is an award winning drama that depicts an African-America family who lives in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania during the 1950’s. During this time, the Mason’s reveal the struggles working as a garbage man, providing for his family and excepting life as is. The end of segregation began, more opportunities for African American people were accessible. Troy, who’s the father the Cory and husband of Rose has shoes fill as a working African America man. He is the family breadwinnerRead MoreFences, August Wilson1835 Words   |  8 PagesAs illustrative of the kind of analysis I would bring to Fences, by August Wilson, if my bid to direct is successful, O prose to take direction for a part of Act 1, Scene 3 of the play. This will include possible blocking, camera work, music, and what the actor should be feeling and experiencing while acting the par t. I will examine how crucial it is that the actors portray their characters effectively, and I will offer commentary to assure just that. On the basis of these findings I will determineRead MoreSymbolism In Fences By August Wilson1460 Words   |  6 PagesKeep Love in or Lock it Out?: An Analysis of Symbolism in Fences Symbolism is defined as an artistic and poetic movement or style using symbolic images and indirect suggestion to express mystical ideas, emotions, and states of mind. In Fences by August Wilson, symbolism is used heavily throughout the play in order to represent deeper meanings and add to the emotion of the storyline. In order for the play to have so much depth and emotion, symbolism is crucial to the work itself and the heavy topicsRead MoreFences by August Wilson1495 Words   |  6 PagesGrowing up, most parents want what is best for their children with the hope that they will lead a better life than the one they had. On the surface, this does not seem to be the case in the relationship between Troy and Cory in August Wilson’s Fences. Troy was a hardworking man who did all he can to provide for his family. Cory worked equally as hard in his athletic career. Troy made a decision to end Cory’s football career out of protection but Cory viewed it as his father’ s jealousy. Troy’s rough

Project Management and Virtual Teams free essay sample

Athabasca University Abstract Due to advanced communication technologies, globalization and outsourcing most of the project management teams are based on groups of individuals called virtual teams who work across time and space using communication technologies. Members of virtual teams may be employees of same company from same country, or they can be contractors, suppliers and company employees around the globe. Managing projects using virtual teams have some advantages and disadvantages. Also several studies have been done to try to determine the factors that are positively co-related to the effectiveness of virtual teams (Schwalbe, 2011). To manage virtual teams successfully in project management, the project manager must manage these factors successfully and also minimize the impact of disadvantages. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the virtual teams in project management and outlines the factors that are positively correlated to the success of projects based on virtual teams. The paper also outlines some of the recommendations to successfully manage the virtual team in information technology projects. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management and Virtual Teams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Keywords Globalization, outsourcing, virtual teams, video conferencing, telecommuting, Project Management, Trust and relationship, Advantages of Virtual teams, Disadvantages of virtual team. Introduction Imagine that you are a project manager in a multinational organization and managing a project to upgrade the server operating system and your team members are from different countries with different cultures and working in different time zones. To complete the project successfully that is based on virtual teams, project manager must understand the advantages and disadvantages of managing virtual teams and factors that positively affect the team members. Today most of the project management teams are based on virtual teams whose members work across time and space using communication technologies and project managers cannot rely on previous methods of project team management where they were able to build trust between team member by social interaction, face-to-face meetings, and direct observations of fellow team member commitment. Literature Review Virtual teams do have some advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages outlined by Kathy Schwalbe are: 24/7 availability of workers increasing competiveness and responsiveness, lowering the cost of project as many virtual team members do not need office space and support, providing more flexibility and expertise as project managers have access to the talent around the globe and increasing the work/life balance for team members by eliminating fixed office hours and the need to travel to work. (Schwalbe, 2011). Communication and trust are the most important factors that influence the virtual team performance. Saonee Sarker and others discussed the â€Å"theoretical linkages among trust, communication, and team member performance in virtual teams†. (Sarker1, Ajuja, Sarker, Kirkeby, 2001). To prove their argument the researchers identified and tested three proposed models (additive, interaction, and mediation) describing the role of trust in its relationship. The results of the study indicated that the â€Å"mediating† model best explains how communication and trust work together to influence the performance of virtual team members. In simple words them study proves that â€Å"a communicative individual will be more likely to be trusted and will therefore be more likely to be a high performer†. (Sarker1, Ajuja, Sarker, Kirkeby, 2001) Radostina K. Purvanova reviewed experimental literature and emerging field research on virtual teams. Author compared the â€Å"results from both type of literature and found that experimental literature has largely reported negative results for virtual teams, whereas ? eld investigations and case studies of real virtual teams employed by business organizations report positive outcomes for virtual teams. According to the article although results reported by experimental versus field studies are quite different, author concludes that both literatures have revealed negative attitudes toward virtual communication media. Advantages of Virtual Teams The main advantages of virtual teams include: The biggest advantage of virtual team enjoyed by an organization is the associated cost savings. The organization can save huge expenses on real estate, office spaces, utility bills such as gas, electricity, water etc. and executive’s travel. Team members can work from anywhere and anytime of the day. They can choose the place they work based on the mood and the comfort. You can recruit people for their skills and suitability to the job. The location does not matter. There is no time and money wasted for commuting and clothing. Physical handicaps are not an issue. Another advantage is the labour laws, some organizations prefer to have virtual teams because of strict local labour laws. Since the members span the time zones, there could be different team working on the same project 24/7, so when one member sleeps there will be another one somewhere else who would start work where the former had left. This shortens the product development time as well as faster response time to demands in both global and local markets. Disadvantages of Virtual Teams Disadvantages of virtual teams include: Since team members do not frequently meet or do not meet at all, the teamwork spirit may not be present. Some people prefer to be in a physical office when working. These people will be less productive in virtual environments. To work for virtual teams, individuals need to have a lot of self-discipline. If the individual is not disciplined, he or she may be less productive. The cultural difference between the members of virtual teams gives rise to number of conflicts. For example, while an employee from one part of the world would write a straightforward email describing a bad situation; this would be perceived as impolite by a member of the team from other part of the world. This would lead to conflicts, mistrust and difficulties in fruitful collaboration which is so vital for the success of virtual team functioning. These challenges are also precipitated by the absence of non-verbal cues so intrinsic to face-to-face interactions. Many members of virtual teams are adversely affected by the lack of physical interactions. Most of the communications in virtual environment is task-oriented. In today’s society where job is an important social force for most of us because many of our workplace colleagues also constitute our close friends, this gives a not-so-good feeling of social isolation. This in turn counter-effects productivity as well as leads to stress. In the virtual environment, it is better to communicate, clarify, and confirm everything to make sure that all members have the same understanding about the task at hand. This produces of ton of paperwork and files that could quickly fill your archives. Factors that positively affect virtual teams Succession planning and promotions involving virtual team members are important factors and if managed properly, virtual team members will feel that they are receiving recognition and credit and as a result they will be satisfied and their productivity will be increased. (Leonard, 2011) Since team members are not communicating face to face, constructive team and individual feedback early and often becomes more important and if managed properly can avoid many problems before hand. Trust between team members and project leader is an important factor that can affect the performance of team members. One important way to build trust between team members is effective communication. The more they communicate with each other and with project more they build the trust. Well defined and documented team process also important which saves a lot of time for especially new team members to find answers to their questions related to policies and procedures. A team member selection and role preference is also important factor to successfully manage the virtual teams. â€Å"Dr. Meredith Belbin defined a team role as a tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way. 15 It is important to select team members carefully and to form a team where all roles are covered. Each virtual team member must also understand his or her role(s) on the team. † (Schwalbe, 2011) Discussion and Conclusions Organizations such as IBM, Microsoft, Whirlpool as well as SMEs are reaping the benefits of virtual teams for some time now. It has been a well-recognized fact that virtual team is not a passing tide but it is here to stay. Virtual teams are rising in numbers nowadays and even small technology companies are now adapting virtual team practice for recruiting the best people from all over the globe and reduce the cost. As outlined in previous sections, virtual teams do have advantaged and some disadvantages as well. To benefit from advantages and to minimize the impact of disadvantages a project manager can focus on factors that positively affect the virtual team’s performance. As indicated by previous researchers, increase in trust, comfort level and communication effectiveness leads to better project success. All of the above discussed disadvantages can be overcome by following a different leadership approach, trainings, greater role clarity and effective communication strategies. Also earlier discussed factors that affect virtual teams, if managed properly can result in a successful project. In addition, the companies using virtual teams can minimize their operating costs and maximize the profit margins. Additionally, the employees working in virtual teams are at advantages when it comes to working in their own home, own time, and reduction of commuting costs. Therefore, organizations should look into setting up virtual teams for different tasks whenever possible. To reap the benefits of virtual teams in projects and minimize the impact of disadvantages virtual team managers should manage the outlined factors properly and should also follow best practices outlined in next section. Best Practices When running virtual teams, some of the best practices include: An instant messaging program can be used to create a sense of presence amongst members of the team. Chat is a good way to have side conversations during meetings to gain consensus, confirm understanding or ask questions. Quick questions can be asked through instant messenger as a substitute for popping into someone’s cubicle. Services for syncing files, bug tracking, project management, source control, web conferencing, conference calls, screen recording, usability testing and so on. A virtual phone system allows mapping of phone extensions to any phone number. Advance features allow callers to dial by name, get placed into a phone queue or get recorded answers back from a phone tree. In-person meetings are also a good option; it helps build team cohesion and trust and can help people get to know each other on a deeper level. But they are by no means critical. Bringing everyone together once a year may cost a little, but it’s still often cheaper than paying local salaries and rent, and increases the efficiency of team.